that是什么意思 在高考英语中的六种命题规律
173次浏览 发布时间:2023-04-10 17:40:08that看起来是一个很简单的词汇,任何一个初学者都能记住它的基本意思:那,那个(用以指人或事物,尤其在空间或时间上较远的),其反义词是this,复数形式为those。在高考英语中,that通常有以下命题规律:
一、考察that作替代词的用法
替代词that可以指代前文谈到的可数名词单数或不可数名词,是特指。而且是“同物异指”,即指代的事物是前面谈到的同一个类别,但不是同一个。
例1:Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with that of their parents. (江苏高考)
句意:百分之九十的家长说他们教育孩子的方法与他们自己父母教育他们的方法有很大差异。
解析:这句话中的that是指代可数名词approach,但是指的不是前面的“他们教育孩子的方法”,而是“他们父母教育他们的方法”,即“同物异指”。
例2:The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than that on the small ones.(四川高考)
句意:与小的街道上的交通相比,大街道上交通的绿信号灯更长。
解析:这句话中的that指代的是前面谈到的不可数名词“traffic”,但也是同物异指,指的是后面的“小街道上的交通”。
二、考察that用作从属连词,引导名词性从旬
名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。纵观近十年高考题,每年都会考查that引导的名词性从句,这是个重要的考点,而that与what在名词性从句中的区别更是重中之重。that在名词性从句中只起连接作用,不担当句子成分;而what在此类从句中充当连接代词的角色,既起连接作用又担当句子成分。
例题:The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief B you are better than anyone else on the sport field. (浙江高考)
A.how B. that C. which D. whether
解析:这是对that引导名词性从句最常见的考察,即引导同位语从句。that引导的后面整个句子就是对前面抽象名词belief的同位解说,that在从句中不做任何成分。
三、考察that用作关系代词,引导定语从句
定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,而that只可以引导限制性定语从句。that在限制性定语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语等成分,作宾语时可省略。纵观近十年高考,考查that引导定语从句这一功能的考题很少,因为这属于比较呆板的知识,逐渐脱离了高考英语命题老师的视线。考生只需记住哪些情况下常用that就可以了。常见有如下情况:
(1)当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等时;
(2)当先行词前有the only,the very,any,few,little,no,all等修饰时;
(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词前有最高级修饰时;
(4)当先行词是序数词或其前有序数词修饰时;
(5)当先行词既有人又有物时;
(6)当先行词在主句中作表语而关系代词在从句中也作表语时等
例题:I refuse to accept the blame for something B was someone else's fault.(全国II高考)
A. who B. that C. as D. what
四、考察that在状语从句中的使用
that可与其它一些词连用,构成固定短语,引导状语从句。例如:
in that:基于…为理由,因为(引导原因状语从句)
now that:既然(引导原因状语从句)
so that:(1)以便…,为了…(引导目的状语从句,从句中常出现情态动词,相当于in order that,但so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后,而in order that引导的从句可置于主句之前或之后);(2)因此(引导结果状语从句)。
Such/so... that...:如此…以至于…(引导结果状语从句,此句型中的that只起连接作用,不担当句子成分。
例题:Animals suffered at the hands of Man D they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.(江西高考)
A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that
五、考察that在强调句型中的使用
强调句的基本结构为:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分(强调人时可用that/who,若强调其它只用that)。被强调部分可以是主语、宾语和状语,但不能是定语和谓语。那么,如何判断一个句子是否为强调句型呢?把It is/was和that/who去掉后,剩下的成分略作顺序上的调整或不作调整仍然能组成一个语法结构完整的句子,即为强调句型。例如:It was yesterday that I met her.此句若去掉It was和that,剩余部分的语序作相应调整,仍然是一个语法结构完整的句子:I met her yesterday。强调句型在单项填空题中占有很大比重。
例题:— Was it by cutting down staff D she saved the firm?
— No, it was by improving work efficiency. (上海高考)
A. when B. what C. how D. that
六、考察that在情景交际中的常见表达
下面是一些与that有关的习惯搭配,其中有些在历年高考题的情景交际部分多次出现。学生要牢记这些固定短语的含义及其用法,并且能够在具体的语境中熟练运用。例如:
That is to say ...也就是说...
Is that so? 真的吗?
That's enough! 我受够了!
That's it. 正是这样;正是那个。
That's OK! 没关系。
That's great!/That sounds great! 太好了!
That's all right! 没关系;不用谢。
That's right. (对对方的意见、建议、评论进行肯定)没错,是的。
That's fine. 好的。
That will do. 行啦;够啦。
That/It(all)depends! 视情况而定!
That's/It's very kind of you. (=Thank you.) (当对方主动提出帮助时的)谢谢。
例题:—Honey, let's go out for dinner.
一 I don't have to cook. (重庆高考)
A. Forget it! B. That's great! C. Why? D. Go ahead!